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Spanish 301 - Advanced Spanish Lessons
71. Adverbs
Most adverbs are formed by adding -mente to the feminine singular form of the adjective. However, two common adverbs that do not end in -mente are despacio (slowly) and demasiado (too much).
Lo + adverb + que expresses how, while lo mas + adverb + an expression of possibility is translated: as ... as ... lo bien que how well
lo mas pronto posible as soon as possible
72. Passive Voice
In passive sentences, the subject receives the action of the verb. In active sentences, the subject does the action. However, the meaning of both sentences is the same. The passive voice in Spanish is formed with a tense of ser and a past participle. Ser should be in the same tense as the verb in its corresponding active sentence. The agent is expressed by por if the action is physical; and by de if mental. The past participle agrees in gender and number with the subject. If you use estar instead of ser, the past participle is called the predicate adjective and it is not a passive sentence.
El niño fue castigado por su padre. The boy was punished by his father.
Rosa es amada de todos. Rose is loved by everyone.
73. Uses of the Infinitive
The infinitive is translated as a gerund (the -ing form of the verb) after these words: el, al, a preposition, ver or oír.
El correr es buen ejercicio. Running is good exercise.
Partió sin hablar. He left without speaking.
Oigo cantar a Maria. I hear Maria singing.
74. Shopping
75. Post Office and Bank
76. Conditional Tense
The conditional tense expresses an idea dependent on a condition that is either expressed or understood. It can also refer to the past when it expresses probability.
To form the present conditional, add these endings to the infinitive for all three types of verbs. Verbs that had irregular stems in the future tense, also use that stem for the conditional tense.
77. Infinitives followed by Prepositions
The following verbs require a, de, en or con when followed by another infinitive, although the preposition is not always translated into English.
78. Office / School Supplies
79. Parts of a Car / Gas Station
80. Subjunctive Mood
The subjunctive is not used very often in English, but it is very common and important in Spanish. Some command forms are actually the subjunctive, so the formation of the present subjunctive should not be too difficult. Present Subjunctive
The past subjunctive is formed from the third person plural of the preterite. Remove the -on ending, and add these new endings: Past Subjunctive
An accent is added to the stem vowel as well in the first person plural form. Instead of hablaramos, it is habláramos; instead of comieramos, it is comiéramos, etc. Note that there is another way to form the past subjunctive (a different set of endings), but the endings given are used more often.
The present perfect subjunctive is formed with the present subjunctive of haber and the past participle of the main verb. Similarly, the past perfect subjunctive is formed with the past subjunctive of haber and the past participle of the main verb.
81. Irregular Subjunctive Mood
Many verbs are irregular in the present subjunctive mood:
Many verbs are irregular in the past subjunctive as well:
82. Uses of the Subjunctive
The main uses of the subjunctive include:
1. After the verb querer when there is a change of subject (but use the infinitive if there is no change of subject)
2. When one person tells (decir) or asks (pedir) another person to do something.
3. After expressions of emotion, such as esperar (to hope), sentir (to be sorry), temer (to fear), alegrarse (to be glad), when there is a change of subject.
4. After dudar (to doubt) and other verbs expressing uncertainty.
5. After most impersonal expressions, such as es posible (it’s possible), es importante (it’s important), es necesario (it’s necessary) if there is a subject for the subordinate verb.
6. In adjective clauses is the antecedent is indefinite
7. After certain conjunctions, such as para que (in order that), sin que (without), and antes que (before)
8. After time conjunctions, such as cuando (when), en cuanto (as soon as), hasta que (until), when futurity is implied.
9. In contrary-to-fact conditions, the past subjunctive must be used in the if-clause (and the main clause is in a conditional tense)
83. Travelling / Airport
84. Cosmetics / Toiletries
85. Other Perfect Tenses
Beside the present and past perfect tenses, there are also the preterite, future and conditional perfect tenses. All are conjugated with a form of haber and a past participle.
The preterite perfect is formed with the preterite of haber + past participle, and it has the same meaning as the past perfect. But this tense is normally only used after conjunctions of time, such as así que, luego que, tan pronto como (as soon as); cuando (when); después (de) que (after); and hasta que (until).
The future perfect is formed with the future of haber + past participle and is also used to express probability, referring to the present.
The conditional perfect is formed with the conditional of haber + past participle and is also used to express probability, referring to the past.
from http://www.ielanguages.com
Most adverbs are formed by adding -mente to the feminine singular form of the adjective. However, two common adverbs that do not end in -mente are despacio (slowly) and demasiado (too much).
| Adjective | Adverb | |
| correcto fácil claro absoluto rápido | correctamente fácilmente claramente absolutamente rápidamente | correctly easily clearly absolutely rapidly |
lo mas pronto posible as soon as possible
In passive sentences, the subject receives the action of the verb. In active sentences, the subject does the action. However, the meaning of both sentences is the same. The passive voice in Spanish is formed with a tense of ser and a past participle. Ser should be in the same tense as the verb in its corresponding active sentence. The agent is expressed by por if the action is physical; and by de if mental. The past participle agrees in gender and number with the subject. If you use estar instead of ser, the past participle is called the predicate adjective and it is not a passive sentence.
| Active | El viento destruye la casa. | The wind destroys the house. |
| Passive | La casa fue destruida por el viento. | The house was destroyed by the wind. |
| Predicate Adjective | Cuando la vi, la casa estaba destruida. | When I saw it, the house was destroyed. |
El niño fue castigado por su padre. The boy was punished by his father.
Rosa es amada de todos. Rose is loved by everyone.
The infinitive is translated as a gerund (the -ing form of the verb) after these words: el, al, a preposition, ver or oír.
El correr es buen ejercicio. Running is good exercise.
Partió sin hablar. He left without speaking.
Oigo cantar a Maria. I hear Maria singing.
| department store | el almacén | shop/store | la tienda |
| shopping mall | el centro comercial | (open-air) market | el mercado (al aire libre) |
| belt | el cinturón | (fixed) price | el precio (fijo) |
| glasses | las gafas | sale | la rebaja |
| gloves | los guantes | to bargain | regatear |
| sunglasses | los lentes de sol | to spend money | gastar |
| post office | el correo | bank | el banco |
| envelope | el sobre | (traveler’s) check | el cheque (de viajero) |
| mailbox | el buzón | to cash (a check) | cobrar |
| mail carrier | el cartero | to save (money) | ahorrar |
| stamps | las estampillas | to deposit | depositar |
| package | el paquete | account | la cuenta |
The conditional tense expresses an idea dependent on a condition that is either expressed or understood. It can also refer to the past when it expresses probability.
To form the present conditional, add these endings to the infinitive for all three types of verbs. Verbs that had irregular stems in the future tense, also use that stem for the conditional tense.
| -ía -ías -ía | -íamos -íais -ían |
The following verbs require a, de, en or con when followed by another infinitive, although the preposition is not always translated into English.
| Verb + a + another infinitive | | Verb + de + another infinitive | ||
| acostumbrarse aprender atreverse ayudar comenzar convidar decidirse dedicarse empezar enseñar invitar ir negarse persuadir principiar rehusar resignarse resistirse resolverse venir volver | to become used to to learn to to dare to to help to begin to to invite to to decide to to devote oneself to to begin to to teach to to invite to go to to refuse to to persuade to to begin to to refuse to to resign oneself to to resist to resolve to to come to to return to | | acabar acordarse alegrarse aprovecharse arrepentirse cansarse cesar dejar encargarse gozar jactarse olvidarse tratar | to have just to remember to be glad to to profit by to repent to tire of to cease to cease to take charge of to take pleasure in to boast of to forget to to try to |
| Verb + en + another infinitive | | Verb + con + another infinitive | ||
| consentir consistir divertirse empeñarse esforzarse insistir ocuparse pensar persistir tardar | to consent to to consist to amuse oneself to insist on to endeavor to to insist on to busy oneself to think of to persist in to delay in | | contar contentarse soñar | to count on to content oneself with to dream of |
| pencil | el lápiz | dictionary | el diccionario |
| eraser | la goma | tape (audio) | la cinta |
| pen | la pluma | map | el mapa |
| ink | la tinta | newspaper | el periódico |
| paper | el papel | novel | la novela |
| letter | la carta | backpack | la mochila |
| notebook | el cuaderno | stapler | la grapadora |
| book | el libro | scissors | unas tijeras |
| car garage tank gasoline oil air grease tire spare tire wheel steering wheel brake speed slow danger stop go service station | el coche el garage el tanque la gasolina el aceite el aire la grasa la llanta llanta picada la rueda el volante el freno la velocidad despacio peligro alto siga, adelante la estación de servicio |
The subjunctive is not used very often in English, but it is very common and important in Spanish. Some command forms are actually the subjunctive, so the formation of the present subjunctive should not be too difficult. Present Subjunctive
| -ar verbs | -er and -ir | ||
| -e -es -e | -emos -éis -en | -a -as -a | -amos -áis -an |
| | | | |
| all verbs | |
| -a -as -a | -amos -ais -an |
The present perfect subjunctive is formed with the present subjunctive of haber and the past participle of the main verb. Similarly, the past perfect subjunctive is formed with the past subjunctive of haber and the past participle of the main verb.
| Present perfect subjunctive | | Past perfect subjunctive | ||||
| haya hayas haya | hayamos hayáis hayan | + past participle | | hubiera hubieras hubiera | hubiéramos hubierais hubieran | + past participle |
| | | | | | | |
Many verbs are irregular in the present subjunctive mood:
| dar - to give | decir - to say/tell | estar - to be | |||
| dé des dé | demos deis den | diga digas diga | digamos digáis digan | esté estés esté | estemos estéis estén |
| haber - to have | hacer - to do/make | ir - to go | |||
| haya hayas haya | hayamos hayáis hayan | haga hagas haga | hagamos hagáis hagan | vaya vayas vaya | vayamos vayáis vayan |
| poder - to be able to | poner - to put/place | querer - to want | |||
| pueda puedas pueda | podamos podáis puedan | ponga pongas ponga | pongamos pongáis pongan | quiera quieras quiera | queramos queráis quieran |
| saber - to know | salir - to go out | ser - to be | |||
| sepa sepas sepa | sepamos sepáis sepan | salga salgas salga | salgamos salgáis salgan | sea seas sea | seamos seáis sean |
| tener - to have | traer - to bring | venir - to come | |||
| tenga tengas tenga | tengamos tengáis tengan | traigo traigas traiga | traigamos traigáis traigan | venga vengas venga | vengamos vengáis vengan |
| dar - to give | decir - to say/tell | estar - to be | |||
| diera dieras diera | diéramos dierais dieran | dijera dijeras dijera | dijéramos dijerais dijeran | estuviera estuvieras estuviera | estuviéramos estuvierais estuvieran |
| haber - to have | hacer - to do/make | ir - to go | |||
| hubiera hubieras hubiera | hubiéramos hubierais hubieran | hiciera hicieras hiciera | hiciéramos hicierais hicieran | fuera fueras fuera | fuéramos fuerais fueran |
| poder - to be able to | poner - to put/place | querer - to want | |||
| pudiera pudieras pudiera | pudiéramos pudierais pudieran | pusiera pusieras pusiera | pusiéramos pusierais pusieran | quisiera quisieras quisiera | quisiéramos quisierais quisieran |
| saber - to know | ser - to be | tener - to have | |||
| supiera supieras supiera | supiéramos supierais supieran | fuera fueras fuera | fuéramos fuerais fueran | tuviera tuvieras tuviera | tuviéramos tuvierais tuvieran |
| traer - to bring | venir - to come | | |||
| trajera trajeras trajera | trajéramos trajerais trajeran | viniera vinieras viniera | viniéramos vinierais vinieran | | |
The main uses of the subjunctive include:
1. After the verb querer when there is a change of subject (but use the infinitive if there is no change of subject)
2. When one person tells (decir) or asks (pedir) another person to do something.
3. After expressions of emotion, such as esperar (to hope), sentir (to be sorry), temer (to fear), alegrarse (to be glad), when there is a change of subject.
4. After dudar (to doubt) and other verbs expressing uncertainty.
5. After most impersonal expressions, such as es posible (it’s possible), es importante (it’s important), es necesario (it’s necessary) if there is a subject for the subordinate verb.
6. In adjective clauses is the antecedent is indefinite
7. After certain conjunctions, such as para que (in order that), sin que (without), and antes que (before)
8. After time conjunctions, such as cuando (when), en cuanto (as soon as), hasta que (until), when futurity is implied.
9. In contrary-to-fact conditions, the past subjunctive must be used in the if-clause (and the main clause is in a conditional tense)
| passport | el pasaporte | single/double room | la habitación individual/doble |
| customs | la aduana | train (bus) station | la estación de tren (de autobuses) |
| arrival | la llegada | subway | la estación de metro |
| departure | la salida | to take a trip | hacer un viaje |
| (round-trip) ticket | el pasaje (de ida y vuelta) | to go on vacation | ir de vacaciones |
| luggage | el equipaje | to pack (one’s suitcases) | hacer las maletas |
| shampoo | el champú | brush | el cepillo |
| soap | el jabón | comb | el peine |
| makeup | el maquillaje | toothpaste | la pasta de dientes |
| shaving cream | la crema de afeitar | toothbrush | el cepillo de dientes |
| lotion | la loción | towel | la toalla |
| nail polish | el esmalte para las uñas | electric razor | la maquinilla de afeitar |
Beside the present and past perfect tenses, there are also the preterite, future and conditional perfect tenses. All are conjugated with a form of haber and a past participle.
The preterite perfect is formed with the preterite of haber + past participle, and it has the same meaning as the past perfect. But this tense is normally only used after conjunctions of time, such as así que, luego que, tan pronto como (as soon as); cuando (when); después (de) que (after); and hasta que (until).
The future perfect is formed with the future of haber + past participle and is also used to express probability, referring to the present.
The conditional perfect is formed with the conditional of haber + past participle and is also used to express probability, referring to the past.
from http://www.ielanguages.com
Latest page update: made by Jamesaccenture
, Dec 30 2006, 3:02 PM EST
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